Hardness
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Mechanical Properties
Definition
A measure of a material's resistance to localized plastic deformation, typically quantified by indentation testing. Common scales include Rockwell, Brinell, and Vickers.
Detailed Explanation
Hardness correlates roughly with tensile strength and wear resistance: harder materials resist scratching and abrasion better but are often more brittle. Hardened tool steel may reach 60–65 HRC, while annealed aluminum alloys typically fall below 100 HV. Hardness testing is fast and largely non-destructive, making it a widely used quality-control technique in manufacturing.