Passivation
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Corrosion & Protection
Definition
The formation of a thin, stable, adherent oxide or hydroxide film on a metal surface that effectively reduces the rate of further corrosion by acting as a barrier between the metal and the environment.
Detailed Explanation
Chromium-containing steels with at least 10.5 wt% Cr spontaneously form a Cr₂O₃ passive film only a few nanometers thick that is self-healing when scratched in an oxidizing environment. Titanium and aluminum also rely on their natural passive films for corrosion resistance. Industrial passivation treatments for stainless steel involve immersion in nitric or citric acid solutions to dissolve surface iron contamination and promote a chromium-rich passive layer.