Forging

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Manufacturing Processes

Definition

A manufacturing process that shapes metal by applying compressive forces through hammers, presses, or dies, either at high temperatures (hot forging) or near room temperature (cold forging). Forging refines the grain structure and improves mechanical properties.

Detailed Explanation

Hot forging above the recrystallization temperature allows large deformations with lower forces and eliminates casting porosity, but may result in surface oxidation (scale). Cold forging produces tighter tolerances and better surface finish with work-hardened strength increases but requires higher forces. Forged components such as connecting rods, crankshafts, gears, and aircraft structural members exploit the aligned fibrous grain structure (forging flow lines) for superior fatigue and impact properties.