Fatigue

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Mechanical Properties

Definition

The progressive, localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to repeated cyclic loading, often at stress levels well below the ultimate tensile strength. Fatigue failure can occur without warning.

Detailed Explanation

Fatigue damage initiates at surface defects, notches, or microstructural discontinuities and propagates as a crack until sudden fracture occurs. The fatigue limit of steel (the stress below which failure does not occur even after infinite cycles) is typically 40–50% of its tensile strength. Aluminum alloys and many non-ferrous metals do not exhibit a true fatigue limit, requiring life-based design approaches.