Carbon Equivalent

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Composition & Alloying

Definition

A single numerical value that combines the effects of carbon and other alloying elements to predict the hardenability and weldability of steel. It is widely used to assess the risk of cold cracking during welding.

Detailed Explanation

The most common formula is CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15. Steels with CE below 0.40 are generally considered readily weldable without preheat, while those above 0.60 require significant preheat to avoid hydrogen-induced cracking. The concept acknowledges that alloying elements other than carbon can also increase hardenability and susceptibility to weld cracking.