Welding
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Manufacturing Processes
Definition
A fabrication process that joins metals by causing coalescence through the application of heat, pressure, or both, with or without filler material. The result is a continuous metallurgical joint.
Detailed Explanation
Common welding processes include Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW/MIG), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW/TIG), and Submerged Arc Welding (SAW). The heat input creates a weld pool and a heat-affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to the fusion line, where the base metal's microstructure and properties are altered by the thermal cycle. Preheat, interpass temperature control, and post-weld heat treatment are critical for high-strength steels to prevent hydrogen cracking and achieve acceptable toughness.