Annealing
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Heat Treatment
Definition
A heat treatment process involving heating a metal to a specific temperature, holding it there for a set time, and then slowly cooling it, typically in a furnace. The goal is to reduce hardness, relieve internal stresses, and improve ductility.
Detailed Explanation
Full annealing of steel involves heating above the upper critical temperature (Ac3) and cooling slowly to form soft, coarse pearlite or ferrite-pearlite microstructures. Process annealing (subcritical annealing) is applied to cold-worked metals at temperatures below Ac1 to restore ductility through recrystallization. Annealing is essential in multi-pass cold drawing and rolling operations to restore workability between forming stages.